Cambridge A Level Spanish - Language (AS Level only) 8685 — 2023 Oct/Nov Paper 2 · Variant 3

This document has 8 pages. [Turn over Cambridge International AS Level SPANISH LANGUAGE 8685/23 Paper 2 Reading and Writing October/November 2023 1 hour 45 minutes You must answer on the question paper. You will need: Insert (enclosed) INSTRUCTIONS ● Answer all questions in Spanish. ● Use a black or dark blue pen. Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid. ● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page. ● Write your answer to each question in the space provided. ● Do not write on any bar codes. ● Dictionaries are not allowed. INFORMATION ● The total mark for this paper is 70. ● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ]. ● The insert contains the reading passages. INSTRUCCIONES ● Conteste a todas las preguntas en español. ● Use tinta negra o azul oscuro. No use tinta borrable ni líquido corrector. ● Escriba su nombre, número de centro y número de estudiante en las casillas provistas en la parte superior de la página. ● Escriba la respuesta a cada una de las preguntas en el espacio designado. ● No escriba en los códigos de barras. ● No se permite el uso de diccionarios. INFORMACIÓN ● La puntuación total de este examen es de 70. ● La puntuación de cada pregunta o apartados de la misma aparece entre corchetes [ ]. ● El cuadernillo de lectura contiene los textos de lectura. * 3 3 4 5 7 2 6 5 1 0 * DC (CE) 333608 © UCLES 2023

2 8685/23/O/N/23 © UCLES 2023 Sección 1 Lea el Texto 1 en el Cuadernillo de Lectura y después conteste en este Cuadernillo de Examen las Preguntas 1, 2 y 3. 1 Busque expresiones en el Texto 1 que sean equivalentes a las que aparecen abajo: Ejemplo: la inteligencia de su hijo Respuesta: lo espabilado que era su pequeño (a) no tardaba en aumentar su vocabulario … [1] (b) es posible que estuviera demasiado despreocupado … [1] (c) ahora encaja muy bien … [1] (d) regresaba de sus clases muy descontento … [1] (e) no tuvo más remedio que elegir otro colegio … [1] [Total: 5]

3 8685/23/O/N/23 © UCLES 2023 [Turn over 2 Las siguientes frases aparecen en el Texto 1. Cambie cada una de las siguientes frases, expresando el mismo significado, pero usando la forma exacta de la palabra o las palabras que aparecen entre paréntesis ( ). Ejemplo: no se habían dado cuenta de [línea 2] (reparado) Respuesta: no habían reparado en (a) otros niños solo dirían coche [línea 4] (más) … … [1] (b) con un paseo constante a la biblioteca pública [línea 9] (iba) … … [1] (c) al ver los motivos [líneas 14–15] (cuando) … … [1] (d) muchas veces los críos superdotados sufren [línea 18] (frecuente) … … [1] (e) no quería ir al colegio [línea 25] (ganas) … … [1] [Total: 5]

4 8685/23/O/N/23 © UCLES 2023 3 Conteste en español las siguientes preguntas basadas en el Texto 1, sin copiar frases completas (más de 4 palabras consecutivas) del texto. (El número de puntos está indicado al final de cada pregunta. Hay 5 puntos adicionales por la calidad del lenguaje usado. Puntuación total: 15 + 5 = 20.) (a) ¿Por qué creían en la guardería que Daniel era superdotado? (párrafo 1) … … … … … [3] (b) ¿Qué pensaba Gonzalo respecto a su hija? (párrafo 2) … … … … … [3] (c) ¿Por qué se sintió aliviada la hija de Gonzalo tras recibir el diagnóstico? (párrafo 3) … … … … … [3] (d) ¿Qué problemas puede experimentar un superdotado en el colegio? (párrafo 4) … … … … … [3]

5 8685/23/O/N/23 © UCLES 2023 [Turn over (e) ¿Cómo intentó la madre resolver los problemas de su hijo? y ¿qué cree ella que es lo más importante? (párrafo 5) … … … … … [3] [Total: 20]

6 8685/23/O/N/23 © UCLES 2023 Sección 2 Ahora lea el Texto 2 en el Cuadernillo de Lectura y después conteste en este Cuadernillo de Examen las Preguntas 4 y 5. 4 Conteste en español las siguientes preguntas basadas en el Texto 2, sin copiar frases completas (más de 4 palabras consecutivas) del texto. (El número de puntos está indicado al final de cada pregunta. Hay 5 puntos adicionales por la calidad del lenguaje usado. Puntuación total: 15 + 5 = 20.) (a) ¿De dónde vienen los alumnos de la Escuela? y ¿adónde van a trabajar? (párrafo 1) … … … … … [3] (b) ¿Cómo se financia la Escuela? y ¿cuánto pagan los alumnos cubanos? (párrafo 2) … … … … … [3] (c) ¿Cómo se percibe la profesión del bailarín en Cuba y en Costa Rica? (párrafo 3) … … … … … [3]

7 8685/23/O/N/23 © UCLES 2023 [Turn over (d) ¿Qué es lo que aprecia la bailarina de sus años en la Escuela? (párrafo 4) … … … … … [3] (e) ¿En qué se basa el éxito de la Escuela? (párrafo 5) … … … … … … [3] [Total: 20] 5 Escriba en español un máximo de 140 palabras para completar las dos tareas siguientes: (El número de puntos está indicado al final de cada pregunta. Hay 5 puntos adicionales por la calidad del lenguaje usado. Puntuación total: 15 + 5 = 20.) (a) Escriba un resumen de lo que se dice en el Texto 1 y en el Texto 2 sobre reconocer y enseñar a niños talentosos. [10] (b) ¿Hay oportunidades para los jóvenes con talentos en su país? Dé sus opiniones. [5] … … … … … … … … …

8 8685/23/O/N/23 © UCLES 2023 Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series. Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of Cambridge Assessment. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is a department of the University of Cambridge. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … [Total: 20]

This document consists of 19 printed pages. © UCLES 2023 [Turn over Cambridge International AS Level SPANISH LANGUAGE 8685/23 Paper 2 Reading and Writing October/November 2023 MARK SCHEME Maximum Mark: 70 Published This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have considered the acceptability of alternative answers. Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for Teachers. Cambridge International will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes. Cambridge International is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2023 series for most Cambridge IGCSE, Cambridge International A and AS Level components, and some Cambridge O Level components.

8685/23 Cambridge International AS Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2023 © UCLES 2023 Page 2 of 19 Generic Marking Principles These general marking principles must be applied by all examiners when marking candidate answers. They should be applied alongside the specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptors for a question. Each question paper and mark scheme will also comply with these marking principles. GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1: Marks must be awarded in line with: • the specific content of the mark scheme or the generic level descriptors for the question • the specific skills defined in the mark scheme or in the generic level descriptors for the question • the standard of response required by a candidate as exemplified by the standardisation scripts. GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 2: Marks awarded are always whole marks (not half marks, or other fractions). GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 3: Marks must be awarded positively: • marks are awarded for correct/valid answers, as defined in the mark scheme. However, credit is given for valid answers which go beyond the scope of the syllabus and mark scheme, referring to your Team Leader as appropriate • marks are awarded when candidates clearly demonstrate what they know and can do • marks are not deducted for errors • marks are not deducted for omissions • answers should only be judged on the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar when these features are specifically assessed by the question as indicated by the mark scheme. The meaning, however, should be unambiguous. GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 4: Rules must be applied consistently, e.g. in situations where candidates have not followed instructions or in the application of generic level descriptors. GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 5: Marks should be awarded using the full range of marks defined in the mark scheme for the question (however; the use of the full mark range may be limited according to the quality of the candidate responses seen). GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 6: Marks awarded are based solely on the requirements as defined in the mark scheme. Marks should not be awarded with grade thresholds or grade descriptors in mind.

8685/23 Cambridge International AS Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2023 © UCLES 2023 Page 3 of 19 1 General Marking Notes Question 1 Enter a mark of 1, 0 or NR as appropriate for each item ((a), (b), (c) etc.) in the mark input box. Annotate the script where necessary. Question 2 Enter a mark of 1, 0 or NR as appropriate for each item ((a), (b), (c) etc.) in the mark input box. Annotate the script where necessary. Questions 3 and 4 Content marks • Annotate each correct point with a tick OR a tick + BOD. • Use a cross or NBOD as necessary. • Use the highlighting tool to highlight any words which are lifted. • The number of ticks for each item ((a), (b), (c) etc.) will be added up for you and the total will appear beneath the tick annotation in the toolbar. Enter the mark (or NR as appropriate) for each item in the mark input box. Quality of Language Mark • Click on 3L or 4L as appropriate in the mark input box. If any items have scored zero or NR for content, insert an on-page comment (text box) after the last item in the question and type in the details of the Quality of Language mark, e.g.: 5–2 = 3 OR min 1 • Then enter the Quality of Language mark in the mark input box for Question 3L / Question 4L. • If no adjustment needs to be made to the Quality of Language mark, enter the mark in the mark input box without annotating the script.

8685/23 Cambridge International AS Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2023 © UCLES 2023 Page 4 of 19 Question 5 If the answer exceeds 160 words, use the shading after the 160th word to show the end of the response to be marked. Summary • Annotate each correct point with a tick OR tick + BOD up to a maximum of 10 ticks. • Use NBOD as necessary. • The number of ticks will be added up for you and the total will appear beneath the tick annotation in the toolbar. Enter the mark (or NR as appropriate) in the mark input box for Question 5(a). Personal response • Enter the mark for Personal response in the mark input box for Question 5(b). • Note: if the Personal Response cannot be marked because it comes after the 160-word limit award a mark of 0, not NR. Quality of Language • Enter the mark for Quality of Language in the mark input box for Question 5L.

8685/23 Cambridge International AS Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2023 © UCLES 2023 Page 5 of 19 2 General Marking Principles 2.1 Please note that it is not possible to list all acceptable alternatives in the Detailed Mark Scheme provided on the following pages. You will need to consider all alternative answers and unexpected approaches in candidates' scripts, make a decision on whether they communicate the required elements, in consultation with the Principal Examiner if necessary, and award marks accordingly. 2.2 Crossing out: (a) If a candidate changes his/her mind over an answer and crosses out an attempt, award a mark if the final attempt is correct. (b) If a candidate crosses out an answer to a whole question but makes no second attempt at it, mark the crossed out work. 2.3 Annotation used in marking: (a) BOD = Benefit of the Doubt and is used to indicate material considered by the Examiner and judged to be more correct than incorrect: the benefit of the doubt is given to the candidate and the mark is awarded. (b) NBOD = No Benefit of the Doubt and is used to indicate material considered by the Examiner and judged to be more incorrect than correct: the benefit of the doubt is not given to the candidate and the mark is not awarded. (c) caret = to indicate where something which is key to the response is missing. 2.4 No response and ‘0’ marks There is a NR (No Response) option in scoris. Award NR (No Response): • If there is nothing written at all in the answer space or • If there is only a comment which does not in any way relate to the question being asked (e.g. ‘can’t do’ or ‘don’t know’) or • If there is only a mark which isn’t an attempt at the question (e.g. a dash, a question mark). Award 0: • If there is any attempt that earns no credit. This could, for example, include the candidate copying all or some of the question, or any working that does not earn any marks, whether crossed out or not.

8685/23 Cambridge International AS Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2023 © UCLES 2023 Page 6 of 19 Detailed Mark Scheme Section 1 Question Answer Marks Not Allowed Responses Question 1 Accept spelling errors in transcription. Disallow additional words or omissions at start or finish of phrase. Accept minor omissions in the body of the phrase. 1(a) aprendía las palabras con gran rapidez 1 1(b) quizás fui excesivamente tranquilo 1 a la hora 1(c) ya está perfectamente integrada 1 en el instituto 1(d) venía del colegio disgustado 1 1(e) se vio obligada a escoger un nuevo centro (escolar) 1 su madre…

8685/23 Cambridge International AS Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2023 © UCLES 2023 Page 7 of 19 Question Answer Marks Not Allowed Responses Question 2 The following are examples of the way in which the answers could be expressed. Answers should fit into the original text, retain the same meaning and contain all the elements of the phrase to be re-worked. 2(a) otros niños no dirían más que coche / otros niños dirían no más que coche otros niños dirían coche, nada más 1 más niños solo dirían coche 2(b) (e) iba constantemente / con frecuencia / mucho a la biblioteca pública 1 constantamente 2(c) cuando vio / veía los motivos 1 2(d) es frecuente que los críos superdotados sufran 1 2(e) no tenía ganas de ir al colegio 1

8685/23 Cambridge International AS Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2023 © UCLES 2023 Page 8 of 19 Question Answer Marks Not Allowed Responses Question 3 Note: Lifting = more than 4 consecutive words taken from the text and will usually invalidate answer unless further original explanation is offered. 3(a) ¿Por qué creían en la guardería que Daniel era superdotado? (párrafo 1) 3 destacaba en las actividades / ejercicios 1 aprendía palabras rápidamente 1 distinguía entre distintos tipos de vehículos / camión y camioneta 1 3(b) ¿Qué pensaba Gonzalo respecto a su hija? (párrafo 2) 3 sospechaba que era superdotada 1 no pensaba que necesitara llevarla a un especialista / psicólogo 1 creía que no tenía problemas en relacionarse con otros 1 3(c) ¿Por qué se sintió aliviadia la hija de Gonzalo tras recibir el diagnóstico? (párrafo 3) 3 comprendió por qué se sentía diferente 1 ya no tuvo problemas con compañeros / otros chavales 1 ahora encaja muy bien en el colegio 1 3(d) ¿Qué problemas puede experimentar un superdotado en el colegio? (párrafo 4) 3 rechazo por compañeros de clase / falta de integración 1 acoso físico con golpes / empujones 1 ser expulsado al pasillo / de la clase por terminar demasiado rápido / para no molestar a los otros 1

8685/23 Cambridge International AS Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2023 © UCLES 2023 Page 9 of 19 Question Answer Marks Not Allowed Responses 3(e) ¿Cómo intentó la madre resolver los problemas de su hijo? y ¿qué cree ella que es lo más importante? (párrafo 5) 3 cambió de centro escolar 1 le matriculó en talleres para niños superdotados 1 que los niños superdotados sean felices 1

8685/23 Cambridge International AS Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2023 © UCLES 2023 Page 10 of 19 Quality of Language – Accuracy [5] 5 Very good Consistently accurate. Only very few errors of minor significance. Accurate use of more complex structures (verb forms, tenses, prepositions, word order). 4 Good Higher incidence of error than above, but clearly has a sound grasp of the grammatical elements in spite of lapses. Some capacity to use accurately more complex structures. 3 Sound Fair level of accuracy. Common tenses and regular verbs mostly correctly formed. Some problems in forming correct agreement of adjectives. Difficulty with irregular verbs, use of prepositions. 2 Below average Persistent errors in tense and verb forms. Prepositions frequently incorrect. Recurrent errors in agreement of adjectives. 0–1 Poor Little or no evidence of grammatical awareness. Most constructions incomplete or incorrect. Consistent and repeated error.

8685/23 Cambridge International AS Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2023 © UCLES 2023 Page 11 of 19 Additional marking guidance for Quality of Language The five marks available for Quality of Language are awarded globally for the whole performance on each set of answers. A concise answer, containing all mark-bearing components for Content is scored on the full range of marks for language, i.e. length does not determine the Quality of Language mark. Answers scoring 0 for Content cannot contribute to the overall Quality of Language mark. Identify the answer(s) scoring 0 for Content in the whole set of answers. Then add together the number of Content marks available for each of these questions and reduce the Quality of Language mark according to the following table: Total Content marks available on questions where a candidate scores 0 Reduce Quality of Language mark by: 2–3 1 4–5 2 6–7 3 8–14 4 15 5 Note: A minimum of one mark for Quality of Language should be awarded if there are any Content marks at all (i.e. 0 Quality of Language marks only if 0 Content marks).

8685/23 Cambridge International AS Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2023 © UCLES 2023 Page 12 of 19 Question Answer Marks Not Allowed Responses Question 4 Note: Lifting = more than 4 consecutive words taken from the text and will usually invalidate answer unless further original explanation is offered. 4(a) ¿De dónde vienen los alumnos de la Escuela? y ¿adónde van a trabajar? (párrafo 1) 3 pueden ser de cualquier clase social 1 podrían bailar en el (prestigioso) Ballet Nacional 1 todos van a trabajar o en famosas compañías de otros países 1 4(b) ¿Cómo se financia la Escuela? y ¿cuánto pagan los alumnos cubanos? (párrafo 2) 3 el Estado financia casi todo 1 los alumnos de otros países pagan algo / 250 dólares al mes 1 los cubanos no pagan nada 1 4(c) ¿Cómo se percibe la profesión del bailarín en Cuba y en Costa Rica? (párrafo 3) 3 en Cuba ser bailarín es una profesión respetada / reconocida 1 los padres cubanos no se oponen si los hijos quieren estudiar ballet 1 en Costa Rica muy pocos padres quieren que sus hijos sean bailarines / piensan que no tendrán un trabajo garantizado 1 4(d) ¿Qué es lo que aprecia la bailarina de sus años en la Escuela? (párrafo 4) 3 la Escuela se parecía a una madre tolerante 1 aprendió todo lo que necesitaba 1 la animó a desarrollar su talento 1

8685/23 Cambridge International AS Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2023 © UCLES 2023 Page 13 of 19 Question Answer Marks Not Allowed Responses 4(e) ¿En qué se basa el éxito de la Escuela? (párrafo 5) 3 el talento que tienen los jóvenes cubanos 1 el apoyo / la voluntad del Gobierno 1 la persistencia / dedicación / el esfuerzo de profesores experimentados 1

8685/23 Cambridge International AS Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2023 © UCLES 2023 Page 14 of 19 Quality of Language – Accuracy [5] 5 Very good Consistently accurate. Only very few errors of minor significance. Accurate use of more complex structures (verb forms, tenses, prepositions, word order). 4 Good Higher incidence of error than above, but clearly has a sound grasp of the grammatical elements in spite of lapses. Some capacity to use accurately more complex structures. 3 Sound Fair level of accuracy. Common tenses and regular verbs mostly correctly formed. Some problems in forming correct agreement of adjectives. Difficulty with irregular verbs, use of prepositions. 2 Below average Persistent errors in tense and verb forms. Prepositions frequently incorrect. Recurrent errors in agreement of adjectives. 0–1 Poor Little or no evidence of grammatical awareness. Most constructions incomplete or incorrect. Consistent and repeated error.

8685/23 Cambridge International AS Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2023 © UCLES 2023 Page 15 of 19 Additional marking guidance for Quality of Language The five marks available for Quality of Language are awarded globally for the whole performance on each set of answers. A concise answer, containing all mark-bearing components for Content is scored on the full range of marks for language, i.e. length does not determine the Quality of Language mark. Answers scoring 0 for Content cannot contribute to the overall Quality of Language mark. Identify the answer(s) scoring 0 for Content in the whole set of answers. Then add together the number of Content marks available for each of these questions and reduce the Quality of Language mark according to the following table: Total Content marks available on questions where a candidate scores 0 Reduce Quality of Language mark by: 2–3 1 4–5 2 6–7 3 8–14 4 15 5 Note: A minimum of one mark for Quality of Language should be awarded if there are any Content marks at all (i.e. 0 Quality of Language marks only if 0 Content marks).

8685/23 Cambridge International AS Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2023 © UCLES 2023 Page 16 of 19 Question 5 Length of 5(a) + 5(b) (Summary and Personal Response) • Examiners make a rough estimate of the length by a quick calculation of the number of words on a line. • If the piece is clearly too long, calculate the length more precisely. • Use the shading tool after the 160th word to show the end of the response to be marked.

8685/23 Cambridge International AS Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2023 © UCLES 2023 Page 17 of 19 Question Answer Marks Not Allowed Responses Content marks – Summary Indicate with a tick in the body of the text the point being rewarded. Do not penalise ‘lifting’ for content marks in this exercise, but excessive reliance on the text will reduce the language mark. The summary could include the following points (award 1 mark for each point covered up to a maximum of 10 points): 5(a) Escriba un resumen de lo que se dice en el Texto 1 y en el Texto 2 sobre reconocer y enseñar a los niños talentosos. superdotados • son identificados / valorados cuando son jóvenes • aprenden rápidamente las palabras / devoran los libros / sobresalen en las actividades • la detección es muy importante / si se tarda puede causa problemas • puede dar tranquilidad / sentido de libertad / entienden por qué se sienten diferentes • pueden ser rechazados por compañeros de clase / sufrir acoso físico • pueden ser expulsados del aula / terminar el trabajo demasiado rápido • no quieren ir al colegio • van a talleres especializados Escuela Nacional • admiten los niños de cualquier clase social • el Estado financia (casi) todo • no pagan materiales didácticticos / ropa / alimento / nada • alumnos extranjeros pagan • hacen intercambios con otros países • los padres cubanos no se oponen a que estudien ballet • tienen profesores con experiencia internacional 10

8685/23 Cambridge International AS Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2023 © UCLES 2023 Page 18 of 19 Question Answer Marks Not Allowed Responses Content marks – Response to the Text Mark like a mini-essay according to the variety and interest of the opinions and views expressed, the response to the original text stimulus and the ability to express a personal point of view. Further, more detailed guidance for particular questions will be given to examiners. 5(b) ¿Hay oportunidades para los jóvenes con talentos en su país? Dé sus opiniones. 5 Very good Varied and interesting ideas, showing an element of flair and imagination, a capacity to express a personal point of view. 4 Good Not the flair and imagination of the best candidates, but work still shows an ability to express a range of ideas, maintain interest and respond to the issues raised. 3 Sound A fair level of interest and ideas. May concentrate on a single issue, but there is still a response to ideas in the text. 2 Below average Limited range of ideas; rather humdrum. May disregard the element of response to the text, and write a largely unrelated free-composition. 0–1 Poor Few ideas to offer on the theme. Banal and pedestrian. No element of personal response to the text. Repeated error. 5

8685/23 Cambridge International AS Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2023 © UCLES 2023 Page 19 of 19 Quality of Language – Accuracy [5] 5 Very good Consistently accurate. Only very few errors of minor significance. Accurate use of more complex structures (verb forms, tenses, prepositions, word order). 4 Good Higher incidence of error than above, but clearly has a sound grasp of the grammatical elements in spite of lapses. Some capacity to use accurately more complex structures. 3 Sound Fair level of accuracy. Common tenses and regular verbs mostly correctly formed. Some problems in forming correct agreement of adjectives. Difficulty with irregular verbs, use of prepositions. 2 Below average Persistent errors in tense and verb forms. Prepositions frequently incorrect. Recurrent errors in agreement of adjectives. 0–1 Poor Little or no evidence of grammatical awareness. Most constructions incomplete or incorrect. Consistent and repeated error.